Huffington Post: How America's First Black Film Defied Racis

[silentfilm]

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/2 ... os+Angeles

How America's First Black Film Defied Racism 100 Years Ago
Posted: 02/20/2015 4:10 pm EST Updated: 02/20/2015 4:59 pm EST
100 YEARS IN POSTPRODUCTION RESURRECTING A LOST

The 87th annual Academy Awards on Sunday will honor Hollywood's biggest achievements of the year, but many have already taken note of who's been left off of the nomination list: namely, non-white actors, directors and writers.

The problem of overlooking black cinema is something that's been going on since the beginning of the film industry. But while the prestigious Hollywood ceremony continues to wrestle with diversity issues, New York's Museum of Modern Art is highlighting rare footage from the earliest known feature film with a black cast, in a show titled "100 Years in Post-Production: Resurrecting a Lost Landmark of Black Film History."

The introspective exhibition, which opened at the museum in October and runs through May 3, examines 101-year-old unedited film footage starring legendary entertainer and theater performer Bert Williams. What makes it all more interesting, the project’s lead curator, Ron Magliozzi, told The Huffington Post, is that the work is on display at the same time as the 100th anniversary of Hollywood’s first blockbuster film, “The Birth of a Nation."

D. W. Griffith’s “The Birth of a Nation,” released in February 1915 and adapted from Thomas Dixon Jr.’s novel The Clansman: An Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan, is an overtly racist movie that went on to make history as the first major box office hit. Despite this historical feat, many have decried the motion picture for its scenes celebrating the founding of the Ku Klux Klan in the south.

As Magliozzi notes, the silent film's MoMA debut is a testament to its authenticity in comparison to D. W. Griffith’s controversial motion picture. Both movies were filmed at about the same time. The MoMA footage is the work of two white filmmakers, Edwin Middleton and T. Hayes Hunter, and one black filmmaker, Sam Corker Jr. The negative for the unreleased and untitled film, which was meant to be a romantic comedy, has been in the museum’s archival collection since 1938, and it began going through a restoration process in 2004.

“To me, it’s remarkable that this film was made in 1914, and it turns up now when it’s the 100th anniversary of ‘Birth of a Nation.’ And our film is a testament to what a slander the Griffith film was,” Magliozzi said. “The performances are very sophisticated and very normal, very authentic, and very real feeling when you watch them. Whereas the Griffith film was very minstrelsy and racist stuff that it’s appalling. So that within itself is amazing to us.”

“Our film wasn’t released, we think, because of ‘Birth of a Nation,’” he added. “For this film to make a profit, they have to play it before large white audiences, and it’s apparent that the producers of our film in 1914 said, ‘There’s no way that we’re going to get an audience for this film with everyone going to see ‘Birth of a Nation.’ So we’re not going to release it.’ So I think the issue of how the films in theater have to attract audiences to make money is something that the producers in Hollywood today think about, the same way they did 100 years ago.”

“Things haven’t changed that much, and that’s the reason why we wanted to put this exhibition on at MoMA at this time, to show you in a sense how little has changed in one way," Magliozzi said. "It’s the same issues: ‘Is something going to be profitable?’ and ‘Is the subject of the film going to make money to large multi-cultural audiences?’”

In addition to worrying about potential viewership and revenue, the directors of the footage on display at MoMA were likely also thinking about another issue related to black actors portraying love and affection on the silver screen.

“The romance in Bert Williams’ film is very adult. It’s a romantic comedy, with two mature adults having a sexual relationship with a long kissing scene in the film,” Magliozzi said. “And that’s one of the reasons they weren’t going to release it back in 1915, because in that period romantic relationships between black characters had to be comic. If they weren’t funny, they weren’t going to be acceptable. It was a fact.”

(See the kissing scene below.)

It's a problem that still hasn't gone away. According to a series of 2011 studies conducted by Indiana University telecommunications professor Andrew J. Weaver, white audiences are still biased when it comes to black leads in romantic films. Weaver concluded in his studies that “the higher the percentage of black actors in the movie, the less interested white participants were in seeing the movie” and “white participants exhibited a clear preference for films with white romantic couples over both interracial and black romantic couples."

Magliozzi noted that the filmmakers were likely aware of this issue back in the early 1900s. “I just read a quote where Sam Corker Jr., one of the directors for our film, said in 1909 that his play wasn’t going to get staged because it’s too much serious romance between the black characters -- they needed to make their relationship ridiculous, otherwise his play isn’t going to get produced,” he said. “So to me, our film shows the level of accomplishment that black performers had achieved. A level of talent and their abilities as actors was as good 101 years ago as it is today.”

Following the film’s run at the renowned New York City museum this spring, it is scheduled to be featured at the Smithsonian Museum and the San Francisco Silent Film Festival in June. It will then premiere in Europe in October and be released on DVD by the end of 2015.

[drednm]

And does Bert Williams don blackface in this film as he usually did?

[Wm. Charles Morrow]

And does Bert Williams don blackface in this film as he usually did?

Yes indeed, although he may have been the only one. The leading lady definitely did not wear burnt cork makeup, and neither did the actors playing Bert's rivals.

[silentfilm]

As much as I admire Ron Magliozzi, filming on this Bert Williams film ended before Birth of a Nation even started filming. I think that the problems with Biograph management and the General Film Company were the real reason that this was never released.

[Dave_Kehr]

I think that the problems with Biograph management and the General Film Company were the real reason that this was never released.

Please share what you know, Bruce. We are trying to track down every scrap of information about this film, which was actually produced by the Klaw and Erlanger company for release through Biograph, as part of a continuing series of adaptations of stage material they owned.

best

Dave Kehr
MoMA

[Bob Birchard]

The Bert Williams footage is historically interesting and entertaining, but it was shot and probably directed by white men. The first film made by a black film company was produced and released 100 years ago. It was the Lincoln Motion Picture Company's THE REALIZATION OF A NEGRO'S AMBITION.

[silentfilm]

Sorry Dave, I've been out of town at the Kansas Silent Film Festival all weekend, which actually did screen Birth of a Nation. The first half was better than I remembered, and the second half was much worse...

I don't have any information on the reasons that the Bert Williams film was never completed, other than Birth didn't premiere until February, 1915, which was a long time after this Bert Williams film was shot. You probably know that there is another Bert Williams Biograph film Fish (1916) that was shot and apparently never released. The footage also survives as well as A Natural Born Gambler which was released and is available on DVD and YouTube. The conventional wisdom was that Biograph hired him in 1915, but the rediscoverd film shows that he was working there before then.

Kalem also released an early all-black single-reel comedy, A Fool and His Money (1912), which was directed by French director Alice Guy Blaché. It also survives.

[Gumlegs]

From MOMA (and thanks):

100 Years in Post-Production: Resurrecting a Lost Landmark of Black Film History
Excerpts at the link.

[radiotelefonia]

[Brooksie]

As much as I admire Ron Magliozzi, filming on this Bert Williams film ended before Birth of a Nation even started filming.

I agree, I thought this theory was a little reductive when it came up at the San Francisco Silent Film Festival showing last month. Variety reported rumours that Williams was being wooed for films in mid 1915, only a few months after Birth of a Nation made its debut, and by the time Biograph/General Film Services did work with him a year later, the Griffith film was already well and truly established in the public imagination.

We can possibly speculate that Birth of a Nation had an impact on the popularity of Williams as a screen comedian - though I also agree with Bruce that Biograph being on its last legs would have been just as influential - but my guess as to Lime Kiln Club Field Day's fate is that it was something simpler - they didn't feel the footage was strong enough, and wrote it off as a promising but failed experiment, for example.

Apparently this was the case for a number of the early products of the Klaw & Erlanger-Biograph tie-up, which sounds like it was troubled from the start. Motion Picture World mentioned in 1915 that ''only a small part of the pictures made with their [K&E] co-operation at the Biograph studio have been released." It is reasonable to suspect that Lime Kiln Club Field Day was one of them.

[Jack Theakston]

What is conspicuous is the lack of trade materials referring to the production at all, during a time where periodicals were established and reporting on most, if not all, productions. In fact, the only mention of it I could find was in Corker's obit in New York Age in August 1914: "Last fall he employed a large number of colored performers for the "Lime Kiln Club" series of motion pictures produced by Klaw & Erlanger in which Bert A. Williams was featured."

This timeline makes far more sense, as both Middleton and Hunter left Biograph in September 1913 when they formed the Kismet Feature Film Company to produce only one picture as far as I can tell, FIRE AND SWORD.